In order to be reinstated in the civil service after the end of National Socialism, my grandfather, as a former NSDAP member, had to show his denazification. To his displeasure, he was assigned to Group IV as a fellow traveller. After paying a "monetary atonement" of 500 Reichsmark and bearing the costs of the proceedings of 525 Reichsmark, his past no longer stood in the way of his appointment to the teaching post for Medieval and Modern History at the University of Cologne. Relatively penniless at the time, he had to borrow the total of 1025 Reichsmark from his family.